Pharmaceutical Companies

Pharmaceutical companies are companies licensed to discover, manufacture and distribute pharmaceutical medicines or drugs. Currently there are about 200 major pharmaceutical companies in the world and some of them use biotechnology to produce drugs. This particular technique uses biological systems or living organisms to obtain derivatives. Drugs thus obtained are typically known as biopharmaceuticals, which are turning out to be another important aspect for the companies. In recent times technology has developed more efficient methods and informatics systems through which the companies study diseases that cause infections and other symptoms. This study is further used to invent new medicines by identifying active ingredients of traditional medicine.

Pharmaceutical companies have full-fledged laboratories that are equipped with latest infrastructure, wherein chemists and scientists work continuously to identify factors such as genetics and cellular structure that play an important role in various diseases. Establishing this facility is an expensive affair. The companies are required to have post approval, sales surveillance and a license from the government prior to clinical test of the drugs. Clinical testing involves three stages, of which the first stage determines the safety and tolerability of the drug. The second and third stages determine the effectiveness of these drugs. Extensive drug tests are done on animals before they are administered to humans.

Physicians play a major role in the sales of medicines of pharmaceutical companies. It is through their prescriptions, that medicines reach patients and have a potential for widening the market. Hence, these companies advertise and market their products to the physicians first. Pharmaceutical marketing is complex and requires indigenous discipline.

Some of the major pharmaceutical companies that are known all over the world are Pfizer, Glaxosmithkline and Sanofi-Aventis. These companies patent all their products, as the risk of forgery is substantially large in this field. Development in the field of medicine has enabled doctors to provide solutions for diseases, which were incurable earlier. Pharmaceutical companies play the role of lifesavers.

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How to Improve Working Capital Management

“Cash is the lifeblood of business” is an oft-repeated maxim amongst financial managers. Working capital management refers to the management of current or short-term assets and short-term liabilities. Components of short-term assets include inventories, loans and advances, debtors, investments and cash and bank balances. Short-term liabilities include creditors, trade advances, borrowings and provisions. The major emphasis is, however, on short-term assets, since short-term liabilities arise in the context of short-term assets. It is important that companies minimize risk by prudent working capital management.

What Affects Working Capital Management:

o Organizations are generally focused on cash, accounts payable and supply chain issues. On the hand, external issues like the legal and business environment, or internal mechanisms like organization structure, information systems, can significantly impact working capital.

o Owing to market pressures, companies are led to paying a lot of attention to producing good quarterly results quarter after quarter. Undue focus on this may sometimes produce a flattering but inaccurate snapshot of working capital performance. This also happens in companies that have a marked seasonality of operations with working capital requirements varying widely from quarter to quarter.

Measures to Improve Working Capital Management:

o The essence of effective working capital management is proper cash flow forecasting. This should take into account the impact of unforeseen events, market cycles, loss of a prime customer and actions by competitors. The effect of unforeseen demands of working capital should be factored in.

o It pays to have contingency plans to tide over unexpected events. While market-leaders can manage uncertainty better, even other companies must have risk-management procedures. These must be based on objective and realistic view of the role of working capital.

o Addressing the issue of working capital on a corporate-wide basis has certain advantages. Cash generated at one location can well be utilized at another. For this to happen, information access, efficient banking channels, good linkages between production and billing, internal systems to move cash and good treasury practices should be in place.

o An innovative approach, combining operational and financial skills and an all-encompassing view of the company’s operations will help in identifying and implementing strategies that generate short-term cash. This can be achieved by having the right set of executives who are responsible for setting targets and performance levels. They are then held accountable for delivering, encouraged to be enterprising and to act as change agents.

o Effective dispute management procedures in relation to customers will go along way in freeing up cash otherwise locked in due to disputes. It will also improve customer service and free up time for legitimate activities like sales, order entry and cash collection. Overall, efficiency will increase due to reduced operating costs.

o Collaborating with your customers instead of being focused only on own operations will also yield good results. If feasible, helping them to plan their inventory requirements efficiently to match your production with their consumption will help reduce inventory levels. This can be done with suppliers also.

Working capital management is an important yardstick to measure a company operational and financial efficiency. This aspect must form part of the company’s strategic and operational thinking. Efforts should constantly be made to improve the working capital position. This will yield greater efficiencies and improve customer satisfaction.

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Advice on jewelry ins. is available. (insurance, Jewelry Claim Replacement Service): An article from: National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management Overview

This digital document is an article from National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management, published by The National Underwriter Company on June 7, 1993. The length of the article is 539 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: Jewelry Claim Replacement Service offers a variety of services that will assist insurers in the jewelry insurance underwriting and claims handling processes. Services range from consultants who train and evaluate jewelry insurance claims adjusters to a 300-page manual that establishes underwriting and claims information and procedures. The 5 manual helps identify false appraisals and other abuses, and offers instruction on subrogation of claims, the restoration of jewelry and appraisal pricing.

Citation Details
Title: Advice on jewelry ins. is available. (insurance, Jewelry Claim Replacement Service)
Author: Evelyn Gilbert
Publication:National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management (Magazine/Journal)
Date: June 7, 1993
Publisher: The National Underwriter Company
Issue: n23 Page: p25(1)

Distributed by Thomson Gale

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